An Average Consensus Algorithm for Seamless Synchronization of Andronov-Hopf Oscillator Based Multi-Bus Microgrids

This study proposes a hierarchical control structure for smooth transition of multi-bus microgrids from islanded mode to grid-connected mode. The proposed uses an average consensus protocol the secondary layer and Andronov-Hopf virtual oscillator as primary controller. method enhances power-sharing accuracy among DGs in normal operation. A synchronization strategy is embedded into force MG-side voltage at connection point synchronize with grid-side voltage. influence controller communication time-delay on system stability performance analyzed small-signal analysis. validated via control-hardware-in-the-loop (CHiL) using real-time Opal-RT platform.